Contents

• Contents
• Data Presentation
  • Statistics and Data
  • Measurement Levels of Data
  • Summarizing Categorical Data
    • Relative Frequency Table
    • Bar Chart
    • Pie Chart
  • Summarizing Numerical Data
    • Stem-and-Leaf Plot
    • Relative Frequency Table and Histogram
    • Box-and-Whisker Plot
    • Dotplot
    • Symmetry and Skewness
  • Using the TI-83:
    • Entering Data into a List
    • Calculating the five-number-summary
    • Drawing a Boxplot or Histogram
  • Using Excel
    • Creating and saving an Excel format data file
    • Creating an Excel data file from a text file (separated by spaces, comma, or tab)
    • Retrieving a previously saved Excel data file
    • How to get summary statistics
    • How to create a histogram
  • Exercises
• Samples and Populations
  • Sample Surveys
  • Methods of Sample Selection
  • Types of Surveys
  • Some Issues in Question Construction
  • Types of Survey Errors
  • A Questionnaire Example
  • Exercises
• Location and Spread
  • Measures of Location
  • The Average and SD
    • Interpreting the SD
    • The empirical rule for the SD
  • The Variance
  • Other Measures of Location
  • Other Measures of Spread
  • Adding a Constant
  • Multiplying by a constant
  • Using the TI-83:
    • Calculating $\overline{X}$ and S
  • Exercises
• Binomial and Normal Distributions
  • Computing Probabilities Using the Normal Curve
    • Calculating Areas under the Normal Curve
    • Calculating Percentiles Using the Normal Curve
    • The Standard Normal or Z-Curve
  • Binomial Probabilities
    • Computing Binomial Probabilities
    • Expected Value and SD of a Binomial Random Variable
  • Computing Binomial Probabilities Using the Normal Curve
    • Some Approximations Are Better Than Others
  • Using the TI-83:
    • Computing Normal Curve probability between a and b
    • Computing Normal Curve percentile
    • Computing Binomial PDF
    • Computing Binomial CDF
  • Using Excel
    • Computing binomial probabilities
    • Computing probabilities less than x ( $P(X\leq x)$) from the normal curve
    • Getting z critical values
  • Exercises
• Sampling Distribution of the Proportion
  • The Sample Proportion
    • The Sampling Distribution of $\hat{p}$ is Approximately Normal
  • Estimating the Population Proportion p
  • Exercises
• Sampling Distribution of the Mean
  • Behavioral Properties of the Sample Average
  • Drawing from a Nonnormal Population
  • Estimating the Population Mean Using a Random Sample
  • Exercises
• Confidence Intervals
  • Estimating the Population Mean Using Intervals
  • t-based Confidence Interval for the Mean
  • Determining Sample Size for Estimating the Mean
  • Comparing the Averages of Two Independent Samples
  • Comparing Averages of Two Paired Samples
  • Estimating the Population Proportion Using Intervals
  • Sample Size for Estimating the Population Proportion
  • Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Proportions
  • Overview of Confidence Intervals
  • Using the TI-83
    • Computing a Confidence Interval for $\mu$
    • Computing a confidence interval for $\mu_1-\mu_2$:
    • Computing a Confidence Interval for p
    • Computing a Confidence Interval for p₁ - p₂
  • Exercises
• Testing Hypotheses
  • Test of Significance involving the Sample Average
    • Upper-tailed t-test
    • Two-tailed t-test
    • The t-test is not universally appropriate
    • Generalizing Tests of Significance
    • Examples
    • Type I and Type II Errors
  • Using the TI-83
    • Calculating a t-test for $\mu$
    • Calculating a t-test for $\mu_1-\mu_2$
    • Calculating a Paired t-test for $\mu_1-\mu_2$
    • Calculating a z-test for p
    • Calculating a z-test for p₁ - p₂
  • Using Excel
    • Comparing two means (independent samples)
    • Comparing two means (paired samples)
  • Exercises
• Testing Equality of Frequencies
  • Testing for Independence between Two Variables Using an $r \times c$ Table
    • Calculating the Table of Expected Frequencies
    • The Chi-Square Test Statistic
  • Testing for Equality of Proportions Between 2 Samples
  • Using the TI-83
    • Entering Data into a Matrix
    • Calculating a Chi-Square Test for an r by c Table
  • Exercises
• Correlation
  • Correlation
  • Computing the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
  • Exercises
• Linear Regression
  • Simple Linear Regression
  • Calculating the Least Squares Regression Line
  • More on Simple Regression
    • The Excel Printout
  • Multiple Linear Regression
  • Optional: The Multicollinearity Problem
  • Using Excel
    • Multiple Linear Regression
  • Exercises
• Index